I have loved drawing since I was a kid, but I was also tormented by the dogmatic system of graded art exams in schools. Over time, this hobby transformed into a desire to imitate the mannerisms of my friends, classmates, and teachers, or to draw them as caricatures.

As a teenager, the pressure of the gaokao [China’s grueling college entrance exam] made me hide in rock music. I didn’t know what I wanted for my future, except to make independent music and find meaning in my search for meaning. But the gaokao was approaching, and no [Chinese] universities taught rock music.

One day, I read about Chinese “indie films” in So Rock magazine. That term and the dark, hazy posters shocked me and made me think there was a parallel world to indie music. But my real enlightenment was [Chen Kaige’s acclaimed 1984 drama] Yellow Earth, which completely overturned my perception of film.

Until then, I had dismissed cinema as something that served propaganda or commercial purposes and had nothing to do with art. Yet Yellow Earth used basic elements like framing, spacing, light, and shadow to compose poetry about noble lives [during China’s turbulent 1930s and ’40s]. This majestic view of history blew my mind and convinced me that film could simultaneously satisfy my needs for sight, sound, and thought, needs that are both mutually dependent and reflective.

That was a feature film I made at the end of high school. At that time, I knew nothing about filmmaking. I just wanted to express my grievances about the education system, and had quite a few friends who were also into films, so we made it. That’s the advantage of being young: I had only learned three guitar chords before I started a band. It’s when you grow up that you start to agonize over gains and losses.

The total budget for Everlasting Violence was no more than 1,000 yuan [155 USD], and we had a film-screening at a small bar in my hometown and made more than 2,000 yuan from the screening. Now that I think about it, it’s a miracle.

I tend to talk nonsense on the fly. If asked the same question the next day, I might give the opposite answer. What I say depends on the specific context.

As for comparing a director to a DJ, that was specific to the approach [to The Mountains Sing]. However, I partly agree that while all art may not have the “same end”—after all, the starting point of contemporary art is rebellion against the “same end”—it always develops in dialogue with elements of the era in which we live, such as technology, digitization, ecological crisis, and identity politics. No creators today can claim that their experiences and creations are separate from that.

In the Zhuang language, the term 欢墟 or haw fwen means folk song gatherings. Haw means singing, and fwen refers to the marketplace where men and women would gather to sing.

I should explain that the Zhuang people have no written script, and [after 1949] a Latin script was invented based on the phonetics of the Zhuang language from the Wuming region, but the local vernaculars can be very different and even mutually unintelligible.

The main reason for choosing this word as the film’s title is the sense of conflict formed by these two Chinese characters. They not only evoke a pleasing image of “having fun amid the ruins,” but also suggest the structure of the film: The first part is about 欢, which literally means “joy,” as at a lively folk song gathering; the second part is about 墟, [literally] “ruins,” a modern society built from rubble.

Although media archeologists may disagree, [the 1896 documentary] Arrival of a Train at La Ciotat is popularly considered as the origin of cinema. That means documentary is the archetype of film medium. The leviathan on the screen, and the shocking experience of watching it, combined to create the film. What this documentation brought to the audience was not the reality, but the strangeness of the hyper-real.

In this sense, documentaries are not about reality. They are fiction that goes straight to the heart. The sense of reality that we perceive in documentaries is constructed through narrative, editing, sound, and lighting.

In The Mountains Sing, the construction site and the cave are not actually in the same place, but I really wanted to create some association between the two, so they were juxtaposed. There are countless examples of fictionalization like this. I think that every documentary contains fictional, transcendental elements.

Heteroglossia, or polyphony, is a theory proposed by [the Soviet literary critic] Mikhail Bakhtin for Fyodor Dostoevsky’s literature. It’s an important characteristic of Zhuang folk songs. Men and women sit in groups under big trees, on paths between rice paddies, at the mouth of caves, in groups of two or three. They serve as each other’s background wall of sound and construct an undulating, wavelike soundscape. For this reason, Guangxi is nicknamed the “Sea of Songs,” which I find very accurate.

Heteroglossia is also a characteristic of all public space, including the internet. It’s both decentralized and pluralistic. It contrasts with top-down, monotonous official discourse that, in the case of the Zhuang, is represented by the [state’s] progressive discourse of poverty alleviation. Heteroglossia is both the film’s method and its attitude.